Solving a Genetic Mystery
The potato, a staple food worldwide, has long puzzled scientists regarding its evolutionary history. Recent research has determined that its lineage originated from a hybridization event between the ancestors of tomatoes and a group of plants known as Etuberosum.
This genetic combination, which took place around 9 million years ago, produced a plant with a unique trait: the ability to grow tubers. Neither tomatoes nor Etuberosum have this feature, but the mix of genes from both parent groups allowed the new species to thrive in high-altitude environments.
Adaptation to the Andes and Domestication
The evolutionary event occurred during the formation of the Andes, a time when cold and dry habitats were emerging. Tomatoes typically flourish in warm, dry climates, while Etuberosum grows in cool, wet areas. The hybrid potato combined traits from both, enabling it to survive in mountainous regions. Tubers, which store energy underground, proved crucial for withstanding harsh conditions.
Between 6,000 and 7,000 years ago, communities near Lake Titicaca domesticated a single potato species, leading to the diverse varieties consumed globally today.
Potential for Future Cultivation
Currently, potatoes are propagated from tuber pieces, producing genetically identical plants that are susceptible to pests and diseases. This new understanding of their origins could enable the development of seed-propagated varieties, potentially integrating genes from tomatoes or Etuberosum to enhance resilience and adaptability to climate change.
Experts note that this discovery not only clarifies a long-standing botanical question but also provides an opportunity to strengthen global food security through biotechnology and crop improvement.
